Roses Their Spiritual Significance

IRRIGATION

Rose needs plenty of water for their optimum growth and flowering but, they do not like water logging. The frequency of watering is dependent upon the water and nature of soil Sandy soil needs more frequent water than clay soils. Water requirement of rose depends on the plant sire and growth period; and the frequency of irrigation depends on stage of growth, soil texture apart front climate and weather. Biswas (1984) suggested that in loamy and alluvial soils of Delhi, rose beds are to be watered once a week, or ten days in winter, and twice a week during summer. In a climate like Bangalore, having red soil, one heavy irrigation at five day's interval is recommended throughout the year expect during rains when this has to be adjusted depending on the rainfall (Randhawa and Mukhopadhyay, 1986). In eastern India where the rainfall is heavy, no irrigation may be required at all during the rainy season. Jagtap (1990) advowted drip irrigation for commercial cultivation of roses in Maharastra for saving water, excellent growth of plants and reduction of weed to a minimum. Laurie and Ries (1950) have not advised sprinkle irrigation as it brings the feeding roots to the surface and cause burning.

An average sized H.T. row bush might loose through transpiration about 30 gallons of water during the growing period. A well established Rambler "Dorthy Parkins" may transpire about 100 gallons of water (Allen, 1956). Misting in the greenhouse is beneficial for faster growth of row plants. Water loss from the plants in the non-cooled green houses is much higher than in the air-cooled green houses. Cooling in the green houses improves the flower and foliage color and size, while there may be reduction in flower production with the over-cooling. Experiments were also conducted on surface irrigation and automatic injection of water with variable results.

To decrease the nutrient emixsion from closed nutrient system by using high irrigation rates (approxanately 1, 1.9 and 3.8 litre per plant per day) to allow lower EC levels in the presence of accumulated Na and Cl an experiment was carried out by Baas er al., (2004). No effects of irrigation frequency or interaction with irrigation frequency with growing media or EC were found on production of roses. They have confirmed that NacI concentrations of 10mM can be tolerated by cut rows provided nutritional elements are not below certain limiting concentration. Cabrera (1997) studied the water use efficiency in roses grown at different nitrogen fertilization and irrigation regimes.

In rose plants high concentration of salts in irrigation water is harmful. For rose productMn 11CO3" ion is highly toxic (exceeding 2mg,/ I) resulting in chlorusis. Electrical conductivity exceeding 18000 inhos/cm reduces the yield. 

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