Planting And Cultivation Of Rock Plants

Hepatica triloba                 Ranunculaceae

Hepaticas are woodland plants with no special requirements as to moisture or care. They frequently spread to form natural plant communities as in their natural habitat.

They do well in rich sandy humus rich soil with an admixture of limestone rubble. They like to remain undisturbed and if not transplanted unnecessarily they spread well and bear a profusion of flowers in February to April.

Particularly attractive are the double garden varieties H. triloba 'Alba' with white blossoms, `Rosea' with pink blossoms and aubra' with red blossoms and flowers in March or April.

H. angulosa a slightly larger plant with five-lobed leaves, bears pale blue or pinkish flowers but flowers somewhat earlier in February and March. It is especially suitable for the wild garden as it spreads freely.

The Twin Leaf ( jeffersonia), Hacquetia, Sweet Violet (Viola odorata), dwarf ferns, ornamental grasses and Anemones are often planted near them. The green leathery leaves appear after flowering and remain throughout the winter.

Propagation is by seed, sown as soon as ripe, or division of clumps in the autumn. The double forms, which can be propagated only by division after flowering, multiply fairly slowly.

St. John's Wort                    Hypericaceae

Hypericum rhodopaeum

St. John's Worts are rewarding rock plants and great favorites for their long flowering period and wealth of blossoms. They are good in rock gardens and dry walls, in beds amidst low-growing perennials and on slopes. All have yellow flowers with striking finely radiating stamens.

Hypericums are either herbaceous or semi-shrubs which prefer loose, light, slightly humus rich soil but grow in any good garden soil, and require warm sunny positions. Excess tinoisture, especially in winter, is detrimental therefore the drainage should be good. In suitable situations they live long and attain a great height.

Of those suitable for the rock garden and dry wall several low-growing species are fairly common in cultivation, e.g. H. rhodopaeum, which makes low, thick shrub lets with blue- green foliage and bright yellow flowers borne in profusion every year as early as May.

H. cons, a lime lover, has narrow leaves; smaller golden yellow flowers and attains a height of only 4 to 6 inches (10 to 15 cm.). In winter it should be protected in wet weather.

H. olympicum is a popular and commonly cultivated Hypericum, 8 to 12 inches (20 to 30 cm.) high, also distinguished by a great wealth of large, orange-yellow blossoms appearing in June and July and later, sometimes until September.

St. John's Worts should be cut back after flowering and top dressed with old, well rotted compost every couple of years. In winter they require a light protective covering of fir branches or bracken.

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Propagation Of Rock Plants

Pink 

Dianthus alpinus

Pinks are welcome additions to the garden and rockery chiefly for their lovely, abundant, pleasantly scented flowers, and also because they fill in the gap between the late spring and early summer flowering species. Of the approximately 270 species of annuals, biennials and perennials, the ones generally cultivated in the rock garden are D. super- bus with the scent of a linden tree, and the Common Garden Pink (D. plumarius ) with its familiar blue-green foliage, which forms large cushions and bears a profusion of flowers in May; there are a number of white, pink and red varieties. These plants will do well in any soil as long as it is not freshly fertilized, and they do not like permanent damp, as in their natural habitat they grow on rocks and sunny slopes.

One of the earliest rock garden Pinks is D. alpinus. It makes clumps of narrow, glossy green leaves and bears remarkably large, bright pink flowers. It requires a loamy-sandy, porous soil with good drainage and adequate moisture during the growing period. In winter, however, excessive damp is injuri us. It likes a slightly sheltered position in the rock garden turned away from the direct sun. D. alpinus also has creamy white variety. It should be planted in the clefts between stones, together with small species of rock plants.

Other Pink cultivated in our rock gardens include the rarer high alpine species D. glacialis with narrow, stiff, green leaves and bright pink, almost sessile flowers. It requires humus rich, lime free soil freely mixed with stones.

Shooting Star, American Cowslip

Dodecatheon meadia

The Shooting Stars, natives of North America, are striking rock garden plants with leaves forming rosettes like the Primrose and bearing a single stalk topped with a cluster of three to twelve or even more flowers. These resemble the blossoms of Cyclamen europaeum to which they are related.

A common garden species is D. meadia with broad, simple leaves and white-throated flowers. Nurserymen usually have two varieties of this species, namely the white D. meadia `Albiflorum' and D. meadia `Splendens' with somewhat larger lilac-rose flowers. D. meadia attains a height of 12 to 15 inches (30 to 40 cm.) and flowers in June.

Some of the other 30 or so species of Dodecatheon worthy of note are D. jegreyi with bright purple flowers borne on 12 inches (30 cm.) long stalks and D. pauciflorum, only 4 to 8 inches (10 to 20 cm.) high, with pink, scented flowers.

Shooting Stars do well both in semi-shade and in the sun, in loose, porous, loamy-sandy soil, rich in humus, but also in heavier soil. The position should be sheltered from the wind. The plants are most effective alongside ornamental grasses and heath plants, chiefly because they soon die back in summer which would result in empty gaps if planted elsewhere.

Propagation is generally by seed, which is sown soon after ripening, or by division of the clumps in early autumn. In winter the plants should be covered with a light layer of soil mixed with humus or peat. They do not tolerate lime.

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Flowering Plants - The First Traces

creeping rhizome underneath. and composed of tight clusters of leathery leaves without pseudo bulbs. The short lateral branchrn bear a solitary leaf, glassy green, lanceolate to elliptic, usually fleshy which are typically broadest towards the apex and narrowed into a basal stalk, than giving the appearance of being borne by petioles, up to 30 cm long. The pseudo-petioles are surrounded basally by foliar bracts or have small bracts at each node. From the foliar beach the inflorescence emerge, one to three flowered. The flower size ranges from 2.5 ern to more than 30 cm from tip to lip, and the colors cover almost entire gamut of the hues of rainbow. and in certain rare forms black is also obtained. The flowers are curious in shape, one part of the length of the sepals are connate to ferns a mai of trumpet, then their lips spread out ending in a longish point or by a long., fine tail. The small jointed lip and erect column are produced inside the sepaline cup. The lip possesses earlike appendages near the base, the column is short may be winged or with a narrow margin around it. The pollinia are 2, eardrop shaped, yellow in color and without any caudicl The unusual shape of flowers, wide variation in size and vivid colors have made them very very rewarding to the collectors of orchids. There are several natural hybrids, and large number of hybrids have been evolved in this genus.

Ma.sdevallia anwhilis Rehb.f —The species is native to Colombia; coming to flower in June-July. The leave are up to 15 cm long, leathey, oblancstolate and acute. Single flowers are produced on an erect spike. up to 300m long. The flowers are 2.5 cm in diameter, dorsal sepal is narrow, orange; the lateral sepals are broad, orange-dotted with red, all tipped by a bog and narrow tail.

Masdevallia coccinea Lind!. (Masdevalfia Lindeni Anaire. and Masdenallia Hamiana Rchb.f.)--This is another Colombian species; blooming dunng March-April The leaves are dark glossy-green, clustered, up to 22.5 cm long. The inflorescence is erect, single flowered up 10 30 cm tall. The flowers are waxy, heavy textured, variable in color, up to 7.5 cm long, dorsal sepal very narrow, lateral sepals connate in their red bases. The lip and column is enclosed in the sepal tube.

Masdevallia iAnsca Rchb.f. (Masdandlia cniliraris Rchb.f.)--It in native to Colombia; produces flowers during March-April. The leaver are rigid, elliptic lanceolate, stalked at base up to 10 cm long. The inflorescence is single flowered, slender and 3730w long. Ilse flowers are 6.5 cm across. red flushed with bright orange, dorsal sepal narrow, elongated. recurved in front, the lateral sepals are broader and not acuminate. The lip is recurved the apex and stained with orange-red.

Masdevallia tnaculata Klotzsch Oa Karst.—The species is found in Venezuela; coming to bloom during July to November_ The leaves am 1250w long, linear-lanceolate. The inflorescence ry 17.5 cm long, 3 angled, few flowered, hardly emerging from foliage. The flowers are heavy textured, up to 15 cm long, the dorsal sepal is yellow, long and acuminate; the lateral .pa Is are pendent, dark purple and connate. The lip is dull purple.

Masdenallia toranensis Rabbi. (Masdcvaitia candida Klotzsch.)—It is another Venezuelan species producing flowers in November to February. The leaves are leathery, clustered, glossy-green, up to 15 cm long. The inflorescence is 2105  flowered, up to 17.5 cm tall, 3 angled with 3 bracts at the apex. The flowers are waxy, long-lasting, opening widely, up to 2.5 cm across, pure white; the dorsal sepal narrow, tipped by a ffliforrn appendage; the lateral sepals are connate over rn.t of their length and tipped by a short tail. The lip and column are short and remain within the sepal tube.

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Nursery Raising And Transplantation

Habenaria pool Ito Rchb.f. ttlabenarfa militaris Rchb.f., Ilabenaria rhodoeheila Hance.)—The species is native to South China and Viet-Nam southward to Penang, blooms during September-October. The stem is 30 cm tall. The leaves are radical in a dark green, satiny rosettle, maculated with lighter green. Inflorescence is 8-12 flowered, about 60 cm long. The sepals & petals are greenish white, yellow, orange, attractive, 4 cm in diameter, long lasting. The lip is large, outspreading, forming lobes of which the central is again hi. lobed, bright red with pink spin, which is the most decorative pad of the flower.

Habenaria rosburghii Nicolrcn (Habenaria platyphylla Spreng3-11 is an Indian species distributed in Orissa and South India. The inflorescence is densely flowered. The flowers are white, scented.

Habenia isliginosa Rchb.f.—The species is found in South Brasil to Chile and Argentina, and flowers in autumn. The tubers are 1.25 cm long, narrowly nblong. The leaves are up 10 cm long. The inflorescence is densely many flowered, up to 15 cm long. The flowers are white and pale green, 1.25 On in diameter, fmgrant.

Haemaria Lindl.

Tribe Vondeae  Sub-tribe Cymbidiinae

Ito a monotypic genus of syrnpodial epiphytic orchids wide spread in Southern China, Burma to Sumatra, lava and Indonesia. These are allied to the Macorles and Anoectochilus. The generic name is derived from Greek word meaning "blood red", since the undersides of the leaves of these orchids an deep red in color and sterns are also blackish red. The orchids come under the group of "Jewel Orchids" which possess attractive leaves.

These plants are terrestrial in habit, dwarf, sterns are red. erect or procumbent. The procumbent types root easily from the nodes. The leaves are 4 to S. appear from the lip of the stem, arranged lightly up to 75 cm long and 35 cm broad, dark green above and blood red beneath, with red or yellow venetion which are also very prominant. The inflorescence is up 10 12 flowered. The attractive and showy white flowers arc 2 cm in diameter, the sepals and two lateral petals are similar in color and size. The lip possesses the saclike structure and a wide class at its base, and anther caps are yellow which emerge from the branch apex. The column is short & round. The pollinia am 2, light yellow in color.

Haem"ria discolor (Ker-Gawll Lind1.—The species inhabit in South China, Burma to Indonesia; coming to bloom in autumn and winter. The inflores. cence is up to 30 cm tall. The flowers are 2 cm across, beautiful, scented white with vivid yellow anther cap. There are several varieties in this species which arc also very beautiful in foliage and flowers.

Haxisea Lindl.

Tribe Epidendrear           Sub-tribe Ins/rinse

An unique genus with delightful flowers consisting of about 6 species of sympodial epiphytic orchids distributed in Mexico, Central America and Nothems South America. The genus is somewhat allied to EpirIcndrum. The generic name is derived from Use Greek words meaning "six and equal"; referring to the six outer floral segments which are almost equal srie and shape. These are most handsome and showy orchids, but uncommon in cultivation.

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Division Of Indoor And Outdoor Plants

Doritis Lindl.

Tribe Van*.         Sub-tribe Vattfirnne

This is a genus of single species of monopodial epiphytic orchids allied to Phokenopsis, found distributed in Burma to Sumatra. The generic name is derived from the Greek word meaning "spear" and also in annul the names applied to Aphrodite. It has a spear-shaped lip. These are small stemless and form dense chimp, unlike most monopodials. The leaves are 12 to 15 in number, stiff, leathery with clasping leaf bases, oblong to elliptic in shape, dark green in color often with purplish brown mottling up to 20 cm in length. The inflorescence is erect and stiff with up to 25 flowers. The flowers are 15 to 4 cm in diameter. The two lateral sepals are broader and fused to a spur like pmjection on the base of the column. The dorsal sepal and two lateral petals are equal in size, shape and color. The lip is three-lobed, the lateral lobes and a larger midlobe am with a slightly undulate margin. Them are two antennae behind the lateral lobes at the bass of the lip. The column is short, pollinias are 4 and yellowish. The genus Dorifis has been successfully hybridized with Pholaenapsis, Vanda, Kingiella and Rhynellostylis.

Doritis puithenima [dl, (Phalaenopsis antennifera Rchb.f.)—It is a spectacular species native to Burma, Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Laos, Viet-Nam and Cambodia, produce flowers during autumn and winter season. The stems are 15 cm long and freely rooting. The leaves am strictly spreading in a horizontal arrangement and more than 15 cm long, stiff, rigid, often purple flushed. The underside of the leaf is purple. The inflorescence is stout, erect, rigid and slender and up tab- cm tall, with 10 to 20 flowered, dense raceme. The flowers are variable in color and size, dark lavender, pale rose-purple or magenta rose. The lip is darker veined with pale lavender. There are, however, great deal of variation in this species.

Epidendrum Linnaeus

Tribe Epidendone           Sub-tribe Lnelliinae

This is another largest genera in the family Orchidaceae comprising of more than 1000 species of epiphytic orchids of America distributed between Carolina, North Louisiana to Southern Argentina, Mexico throughout West Indies and Central America, Andes and Brazil. One species Epirlendnon nocturnum is originated in West Africa. These are most popular cultivated orchids and commercially important as vol flower. 7he generic name is derived from Greek words epi, "on" and derdmo, "tree", meaning epiphytic plant growing 011 trees. There is comiderable variability in vegetative structure of this genus and two major sections are (i) those with distinct pseudo bulbs and Iii) those with reedlike growth. A few species are terrestrial and lithophyte. The pseudo bulbs are very elongated or short according to the species, with coriaceous leaves. Some leaves are thick and fleshy and  some are leathery- with two or four leaves at the apex of each pseudo bulb.

The Gardeners Problem Solvers

Ca'wake Tosco (AL) 0th. (Lintolochs Tosco I.d1.)—It is a deciduous species from Burma. The flowers are bloomed during autumn and winter. The pseudo bulbs are 20 cm tall, usually grayish germs in color, spindle shaped, swollen basally. The leaves are broadly lanceolate, up to 45 cm long, of flaccid-texture. The inflorescence is many flowered, nodding 10 90 um long. The flowers are loosely arranged in the raceme. The flowers are long lading. varying in color from pale rose-pink to white or dark-rose, up to 7.5 cm across. The lip is fattish, white in color.

Calanthe veratrilolia R. Br —The specie is native to India and Australia, produce flowers during May. The plants an! highty variable in all parts. The leaves are persistent 60 50 90cm long and 15 10 20 cm wide, prominently stalked at base, numerous, narrowly elliptic, acuminate and distinctly folded, light green in color. The inflorescence is up to 150 cm tall, often several from one growth, many flowered and erect. The flowers are lung lastmg, white, lip yellow-crested, Sum long. The lip is vivid yellow spotted in the center, which is very deeply cut and four lobed.

Calanthe vestita Loll. Wee:rho:die vestita Rchb. r; Cylheris Griffithii WIghtl—This desciduous species is inhabiting in India, Malay Peninsula, Burma and Thailand; produce blooms during November to December. The pseudo bulbs are conical egg shaped, 20 cm long, 4-angled, covered with silvery grey-sheaths, carrying 3 to 4 deciduous leave, The leaves are up to 90 cm long, and 10 cm wide, folded, falling before the flowers am produced. The inflorescence is up to 150 ore long, gracefully arched, carrying numerous large white flowers. The flowers are long-lived, 7 to 8 cm long. The lip is four-lobed, white centrally marked red.

Calorithe veitchii Hort—h is a hybrid of C. revert and C wstita, raised in 1860. The pseudo bulbs are elongated, narrowing apically. The leaves are deciduous. The inflorescence is about 75 errs tall. The flowers are rich rose colored. The lip is 4 lobed and rose colored. The flowers are produced during January to February, which are long lasting and suitable as not flower.

Camarotis Lindl.

Tribe Vandeoe  Subtribe Vandmac

There am 14 epiphytic species in this genus, naturally distributed in South East Asia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia and New Guinea. The generic name is derived from the Greek word Kamarotos, meaning "an arch", a reference to the arched shape of the lip of flowers. The genus bullied to SarcseVilas or Trichoglottisvegetaively, but readily distinguished by its lip, which always points towards the apex of the inflorescence, thus generally making the flower appear inverted. Plants do not posses any pseudo bulb. 

Leaves are dist ichous or wanting at flowering lime. Flowers are small. Sepals and petals are nearly equal, elliptic- oblong. The lateral sepals are adnate to the base of the column. The cohunn is short or long, pollirda 

 Conan:Ws ohtosa rell.-1 he species is native to Bunna. Blooms during June-July. The stern is 15 to 20 cm long. Leaves are keeled, up to 7 cm long and 2cm wide, often recurred. Raceme is very shortly pedurre/ed, erect, subsessile, lady flowered. Bracts are broad and acute. Sepals and petals are linearoblong, obtuse. The lip is yellowish, slipper shaped, side lobes incurved. Flowers are 1.5 cm in diameter, pale rose colored.

Camarotis commit King and Pantl.—The species is found in Sikkim, Meghalaya, and North Bengal at an elevation of 4010 rri, produce flowers during June-July.

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Propagation Of Orchids

OTHER METHODS

Cultural methods like subjecting the plants to a temperature regime of 35-37°C for 9 weeks was reported to eliminate 96% of cyrnbidium ring spot vu. horn infected Nantiation slatelandii (cf. Zaidi at al., 2001). Inheritance of Dendrobisin floral necrosis caused by Cy MV was studied by Kobayashi and Kamarnoto (1989) and observed that crosses between susceptible parents produced susceptible progeny, whereaa crosses between resistant parents produced resistant progeny. Kuehnle (19%) discussed control and eradication of virus in Dendrabinm by hybridization, tissue culture and genetic engineering. A genetic alternative androgenosis coupled with chromosome doubling by colchicine treatment was reported as effective for ridding amphidiplord of viruses.

A BRIEF REVIEW ON INSECT PESTS OF ORCHIDS

Several workers have studied insect pests of orchids in different parts of the world, In the following section, reports on insect pests of orchids are briefly mentioned.

The females of Oichromothrips cortetti damaging flowers of variety of Vanda orchids was observed (Anonymous, 1971).

Harmon (1979) reported Ansearrum Scale, Conehaspisangraeri Cockevell, tube causing severe damage on the stems and leaves of orchid in Florida.

Timmerman and Vrie (1982) suggested that Thrips raised on orchids could be controlled by (0 misting 100 ml delta-methrin, 40-50 ml permethrin or 100-150 ml pirimiphosmethyl per 1000 rri; (ii) spraying with 2550 g or 25-50 ml perrnethrin or 50 ml deltamethrin, 100 g proposur, 508 acepha le or 100 ml pirimiphosmethyl, and (iii) dusting with 300 g propoxur or 200-3050 parathion.

Black twig borer, Xylosandnm compact. (Eichhoff) 0 feed on orchids was reported by Dixon and Woodruff (1983). They recommended use of chloropyrif. at preliminary stage.

Mau (1983) reported orchid weevil, Orallidophilus Merriam. in Haw.. He observed that the weevils laid egg; in the cavities formed by adull feeding, larvae mined pseudobulbs, completed pupation inside mine.

Lanandin (1983) reported a new species of scale, rtslerolecanium rossellae on orchids in l'hilippines.

I lartley at al. (19E4) suggested to include two biological control agents Eniarsia formosa and Phytusendm persimilis in 1PM for Cymbidi fon orchids.

Pettersson (1984) recorded the presence of Brevipalpas oncidli Baker and Prisfiphara alnitera Mg. on orchids for the first time in Sweden.

Tyraphagus !angler, a polyphagos mite, was recorded to cause flower damage in Cyranidiurn in Italy by Ciampolini at al. (1985).

Classification Of Flowers

Planting

Plants should be spaced a distance equal to their mature width. Ten-inch plants should be planted 10 inches apart. Clusters of 3 or more large plants or 5 or more small plants of the same color usually make a better visual impact than those planted singly.

Dig a hole that allows transplants to be at the same soil level as in the container. Loosen and spread roots to encourage new outward root development. Water immediately after planting.

Fertilise based on soil test results. Use either a time - released fertiliser that will last all season or plan to apply water-soluble fertilizer or three times during the growing season. Liquid 20-20-20 or 23-19-17 formulations should be applied biweekly to annuals. Follow product instructions for dilution rates.

Gardeners who grow their plants from seed will notice the wide difference in seed size. Some seeds am so small that they should be mined with sand before sowing. This allows better control over spacing. Seed companies offer some very, fine seed M pelletised forts. Plants that have very small, dust-like seeds are often purchased as transplants because of the difficulty in handling these seeds.

Watering

Apply water when soil becomes dry. Newly planted transplants quickly wilt if conditions are dry and windy. Water young and newly planted plants more frequently than mature, established plants. Keep soil moist to a depth of 4 to 5 inches. If rainfall does not provide this moisture.  Apply water at a rate of 1 inch per week. Try to keep water off foliage. A layer of mulch that does not touch the crown of the plant will help conserve substantially less expensive. Many perennials may be seeded in June, then transplanted in early autumn.

Buying transplants

When purchasing potted perennials at a nursery, avoid selecting plants in bloom unless you must be assured of a specific color. Remove any flowers at planting time to promote root establishment. The price of plants relates to the size and age of the plants. Newer cultivars are more expensive than cultivars that have been marketed for several years.

Transplanting

Gardeners, who enjoy collecting perennials, had that as plants mature they may wish to relocate some of them. Transplant perennials in early spring just after growth starts or in early September. To relocate perennials during the main growing season, remove all flowers and cut back foliage. Trimming of flowers and leaves reduces transplant shock. Water as needed for good establishment.

Ftetdis4ng

Perennials often stay in the same location for years. This means that selection and preparation of site for new plantings are vitally important. Organic matter worked into the soil at planting time can provide nutrients and improve aeration and drainage.

For perennials that require annual fertilisation, apply in spring as new growth begins. Broadcast 1 pound of 5- 10-5 or 6-12-6 over 100 square feet of area. Make another 1-pound application 8 weeks later. Wash off any fertiliser that remains on foliage. Astilbe, chrysanthemum. delphinium, lupines and summer phlox are perennials moisture. A new layer of mulch may be applied each spring after the soil warms to maintain a 2-inch depth of mulch.

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Useful Flower Guide For gardening

Jumbo Flats

One of the main growing areas of the flat market is the jumbo pack that has 6 packs per flat with 4 or 6 cells per flat. The flat size remains the same as standard flats, but the cells are 31/8 inches deep instead of the 23/8 inches for standard packs providing a 25 to 30 percent increase in soil volume. Jumbo packs are used by growers seeking longer shelf-life, reduced losses in the retail area, and better quality for the customer.

Shmkne Flats

For the large grower who markets to chain outlets, slimline flats offer a way to reduce production costs when the market resists a price increase. These flats are 81/2 inches wide (rather than 11 inches) by 20 or 21 inches long. Therefore, they take up 15 percent less space than standard flats and more flats can be grown per unit greenhouse area.

Bedding plants marketed in containers larger than market flats are becoming more popular each year for both homemvners and the landscape contractor markets. Some bedding plants grown in 4- or 6-inch pots will produce a colorful show in several weeks and bring a premium price in the market. Even larger-sized color pots, containers with multiple plants of different species, or cultivars mixed in a colorful display, are becoming more popular. Showing flower color is essential to marketing these larger products. Start growing larger- sized products by transplanting market-pack-grown plants to large containers early in the spring. Growing Media Soilless mixes are the most often used growing media for bedding plants These mixes provide anchorage that enables the plant to support itself and regulate the supply of water, oxygen, and nutrients to the roots. No one specific tnedium can be singled out as the best, and quality bedding plants can be grown in a wide variety of media combinations. The type of medium a grower chooses depends on personal preference, type of greenhouse, type of irrigation, crop type, and cost. Some soilless mixes work better for some types of plants than do others, but many growers use one mix for all bedding plants.

The first decisiim involving growing media is often whether to purchase medium or mix your own at the greenhouse operation. On face value, commercially bagged mixes seem expensive but once all the costs are considered, mixing your own formulation may be out of the question for most small praisers. Like many economic decisions in the greenhouse, carefully consider all the costs of both approaches. For a commercial bag mix consider the cost per bag and shipping costs. For mixing your own formulation, consider each component's cost, management time, labor, office expenses, equipment costs and depreciation, and costs of special structures for the mixing facility and component storage. Many large growers mix their own formulation because the cost of commercially bagged mixes would be prohibitive. One other option is to purchase bulk mixes from local formulators. These companies will mix a medium to your specification and deliver by truck at a lower cost than you would pay for commercially bagged mixes.

Regardless, make sure that the medium comes from a reliable source so that there are few weed seeds and sunlight received daily, (3) rainfall averages and average intervals between rains, and (4) soil characteristics such as drainage and moisture retention. Each of these components should be further defined prior to plant selection.

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Tips And Ideas For Garden Lovers

Commercial Floriculture

Ethylene is another important consideration affecting post harvest longevity. Flowers cannot be stored with any kind of fruit or vegetable. The ethylene produced by the fruit or veggie will result in premature floral senescence. Good ventilation and removal of dead and dying flowers are essential to maintain a relatively ethylene-free environment.

Grading, Packing and Delivery

There is no mandatory grading system for specialty cut flowers. General rules of thumb apply, however, emphasising uniformity: no greater than 10% deviation in stem length, relative uniform stem diameter, flowers of uniform size and stage of development. Ten sterma per bunch is the standard for most species. with some species sold in fives or as singles.

There are myriad packing options - buckets, boxes, flowers held wet or dry; find out which are appropriate for the species you are growing. The majority of specialty cut flower growers use the indispensable 5-gallon plastic bucket. Be aware that some species such as snapdragon and gladiolus exhibit a geotropic response: sterns laid flat will bend upwards, away from the gravitational pull, resulting in curved stems.

Vehicular and personnel requirements necessary for timely deliveries are often overlooked in the planning of a cut flower business. Things can get complicated, reducing efficiency and profits. One alternative is to deliver directly from the field in the morning. This works adequately for immediate delivery to local markets. However, if you need to hold the flowers for any reason, such as accumulating certain cuts for a larger wholesale market, cold storage facilities will be necessary.

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Gardening With Commercial Floriculture

Global Fronds In Floriculture

In the cut-flower sector, the Netherlands is the only country which derives its competitiveness from rapid innovations. Although the great innovative ability in the Netherlands has been primarily concentrated on the suppin the Netherlands has been primarily concentrated on the supply side, a change to more awareness of the demand side is clearly noticeable. Stronger vertical integration to meet the demands of consumers and retailers, more effective logistics, higher quality products and environmentally sound production facilities are all current topics. Disadvantages for the Dutch sector such as expensive taw materials and labor and a less favorable climate are compensated for by strong points such as high productivity, a tightly-knit and efficient distribution network and a wide, innovative range of products.

The country's favorable position with respect to Europe, its capacity to invest, its good infrastructure and the comprehensive knowledge and network available to the sector constitute a good seedbed for innovations. The network in which the sector is incorporated is not only vertica/ but is also increasingly developing horizontally. Although the Dutch sector also competes internationally in the area at costs, it does not depend on low costs for labor, land, raw materials and capital. Its strength is based more on its ability to innovate rapidly. This is reflected in its productivity, quality, range of innovations, high professional skill and state-of-the-art technology.

In markets where cost prices are important, the Netherlands will experience increasing competition from African countries such as Kenya, Zambia and South Africa, and from Latin America  and South Africa, and from Latin American countries like Columbia and Ecuador. 

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Useful Information About Commercial Floriculture

Modal Trends in Mon./Pure Evert/end°, of ornamental 0105

The value of world import/export is increasing every year. In 1982, the total value was about 25 billion dollars. In 1996, the total value was alma 2.5 billion dollars. In 1996, the total value was already 7.5 billion dollars. Although the growth is in nominal value, the figures show a rapid increase in the flows of horticultural products. The biggest import markets are Germany, USA, France and the United Kingdom. The world's largest exporter of horticultural products is by far the Nether/and, which is responsible for about 60% of international export.

The international trade in cut flowers and potted plants is growing every year. From the total production of cut flowers and potted plants, only a small part is exported to the international market. About 75%, of the international trade comes from within Europe. Germany alone accounts for 30% of the world imports of cut flowers. Besides Germany, the United States, France and the United Kingdom are big importers. The Netherlands is also a big importer but it re-exports most of its imports, primarily to Europe.

The to value of the world export of cut flowers rose from 1.25 billion dollars in 1982 to 3.6 billion dollars in 1995. The Netherlands, Columbia, Israel, Kenya and Ecuador are the biggest exporting countries in the world. The position of the Netherlands in very dominant in the total export. When you consider the export from the Nether/and to other European countries (1.8 billion dollars from the total export value of 2.1 billion dollars) as inter export value of 2.1 billion dollars) as interregional trade, the conclusion is that the international trade is very limited in relation to total world wide consumption. It is to be expected that the north-south axis will be important to the expo./ market. Africa will increasingly export to Europe, and South America to the USA and Canada. Within Asia, there will be a growing interregional trade with upcoming countries like Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines. Australia and New Zealand have possibilities on the niche market in Asia with high-quality products.

The total export of potted plants is smaller, amounting to about 1.75 billion dollars in 1995. Because of the high transport costs per unit, the export of this type of product is usually to neighboring countries. The main exporters are the Netherlands, Denmark and Belgium.

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Basic Information About Rose Gardening

THE COMPLETE BOOK OF ROSES

Symptoms : Stippling on leaves, yellowing and withering of leaves since these insects suck the sap of the leaves. Management : Spray of Neem oil (3%) or Methyl Demeton 25 EC (2m1/1) or Phosalone 35EC (2m1/1) or application of Carbofuran 3G (5grn/plant) (Karuppucharny and Palaniswarny, 2006). Black Fly Afewocantims reset.

Symptoms : The insmt.feeds on the sap of rose plants particularly tender leaves. These are minor insects and occasionally observed in roses. With the attack of insects, the leaves lose their luster and look dry. Crinkling of leaves caused due to sap sucking from leaves. The adults lay eggs on the undersurface of leaves. The nymphs are brownish yellow and the puparia jet-black with a colony fringe all around and globular secretions sticking to the tips of the spine (Karuppuchamy and Palaniswamy, 2006).

Management : According to Atwal (1986) the insects are controlled through the spray of Malathion 50EC (875m1/2501it), or Dithmethoate 30EC (750ml/25014

Scurfy Scale : Aulacasyis mane.

Symptoms : Round, flat, opaque males upto 2-3mm across, form dense colonies on woody stems of certain species of row, both outdoors and under green house conditions. Males are present in this species and the male wales are elongate white fluted scales, which are smaller than females. A female lays eggs in July-August. Nymphs soon hatch and nettle to feed before hibernating (Sharma and Bhattacharjm, 2006).

Management : Rub the scales with cotton soaked in Kerosene or Diesel or methylated sprit. Cut and bum the affected branches. Spray of Melathion 50EC (2501/I) twice, first at the time of pruning and again during March-April gives better resulbs.

Red Colton Bug t Dysderna sp.

Symptoms It causes moderate to severe damage mostly to rose flowers (Verghese and Prasad, 1983).

Management :Spray of Quinalphos 25EC (/.5m1/1) or Monocrotophos 36W5C (1m1/ I) can control these insects (Karuppucharny and Palaniswarny, 2006).

Flower Chafer Beetle    I OM, loan, Oxycetonin versicalour, acycetonin albapunctrt, Adoralus verslitus.

Symptoms arycetonin alboptacta feeds on flowers of rose (Sand, 1990), Chilalolv acute feeds an leaves and flowers; while, Oxyretoma versicolour which is a red coloured beetle feeds upon growing points and making irregular holes and punches on the leaves. These insects are most arose during wet months of the year The adult lays eggs in the soil from which larvae develops into large fleshy yellowish-white grubs with strong biting mouthparts. The grub damages the roots and adults feeds on foliage.

Management t bland picking and destruction of chaffer beetles during day time (Anonymous, 1999). Soil around the trunk to be treated with Carbaryl (10%) at the rate of 30gm/pant (Ramesh, 1994). Methyl Parathion 50EC (2m1/1 of water) or Endosulfan 35EC (2m1/1) or Melathion 50EC (2m1/ I) can control these insects. By regular hoeing and forking operations the grubs could he brought over the ground and killed.

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Garden Plants And Flowers

ALLIED PRODUCES           

It is also used for softening the flavor of tobacco. For wedding, feast and ceremonial occasions rose water is used. India exports rose water to U.K., USA, Canada, France, Australia, Singapore, Bahrain, Ethiopia, Fiat, Kuwait, Nepal, Oman, East Africa, Malaysia and Saudi Arabia.

The rose water can be prepared from very fragrant rose also like "Ena Harkness", "Charles Mallerin", "Chrysler Imperial", R. manias etc. To make it at home 500 gm of fresh petals of fragrant red rose may be boiled in low heat in a large kettle half filled with water. A length of rubber tube is attached to the spout with the other end leading a jar or bottle. The middle portion of the tube is kept in iced water. The pure rose water will drip in the jar or bottle until almost all water in the kettle has been evaporated. The rose water is than kept in sealed glass container to be used when required (Roy Genders, 1965).

ROSE OIL

Mughal Emperor, Babur first introduced the musk and damask rose in India at his garden near Agra, in 1526. The empress Nor When the wife of Babues descendant, Emperor Jahangir W believed to have discovered rose oil in 1612. Isis said that she noticed drops of rose-oil floating on the surface of water while she was taking bath in a tank full of rose water. She observed that heat of sun had formed a thin filrn of oil on the top of the water. She ordered that this oil should be skimmed off and put carefully into bottle and sealed. In the era of barter exchange, value of the rose ad w estimated by its five times equivalent weight of gold.

Inspite of thousands of varieties of roses available in nature, only a dozen Sr Sc are used for extracting rose oil. The most suitable species are however, Rosa danzascena, Rosa rentifolia, Rosa alba and Rosa ritiwnsis. The essential oil is present in the epidermal sells of the inner surface of the petal, which constitute the most highly perfumed part of the flower. The relative concentration of the essential oil in the different parts of the flower of R.darnascoin is as follows: Petals 92.8%, Stamens 4.6%, Ovary with Calyx 2-3% and Stigma 0.3% (Anonymous, 1972). Rose on is usually extracted from the flowers by steam distillation Sr by extraction with volatile solvents.

Rosa dat.stena is grown in India in nearly 3500 ha in Aligarh, Gazipur, Farrukabad (Kanauj) and Salta districts of Uttar Pradesh, beside smaller areas in Ajmer (Pushkar), Udaipur district in Rajasthan, and also at Palampur of I limachal Pradesh. 'The cultivars, "Noorjehan" is grown in gangetic plains. The cullivars "Jwala" is recommended for subtropical regions in foothills and "Flimioa" is suitable for temperate region (Gupta, 2002). In Uttar Pradesh, two kinds of roses are grown for perfumery. Damask rose i.e. R. damascata known locally as 'Faslr, 'Bussorah' or llarwara' in Aligarh and Ghazipur and Edward rose i.e. R. bourboosim, locally known as 'Chenia gulab' or '13aramase in Vannauj and Kanpur. Inc India rose, oil is obtained not directly from the distillate. Rose water obtained from red Damask flowers is placed in shallow earthenware or metal vessels covered with white muslin cloth and left to lie in the open during night The fragrant butter like white substance floating on the surface of rose water is collected by means of a shell of feather and stored in glass bottles.

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Useful Flower Gardening Information

POST-HARVEST TECHNOLOGY 

Salicylhydrosamic acid (SHAM) ranging from  to in and then kept in distilled water. Except at 1mM concentration, SHAM an inhibitor of cynidemesistent respiration. was unable to reduce respiration rates and improving keeping quality of roses, thereby indicating that cynidemesistent respiration, was non-existent in cut roses (Reno Ranjan, 1993). In untreated roses she also observed a typical deep in the respiration rate initially from harvest till the third day and then a small rise towards the end of useful vase life of cut "Priyadarshini" roses. 55.w/iv (1998) reported that highest respiration rate in out roses was associated with shortest vase life, and lowest respiration with longest vase life. In cut rows respiration rates increased sharply during flower development and petal expansion stage, In the cultivars, which held longer vase life, the rates of respiration at different stage of flower development and ageing were comparatively lower than that of cultivars, which lasted for a shorter time (Bhattachar)ee and Pal, 1999). The gradual decline in respiration and presumably decreases in respiration efficiency of rose petals are due to progressive inability of mitochondria to utilize the substrate (Kaltaler and Steponkuo. 1976).

The gradual decline in respiration in ageing flowers may be caused by a short supply of readily respirable substrates, mainly sugars. In cut "Better Times" roses, lower storage temperatures were observed to reduce the rate of respiration (Pope, 1960). Serrano et. al., (1992) reported that respiration of rose flower cv. "Visa" decreased during storage at 4°C. The rate of respiration became slower as storage time increased. Vidhya Sacker (2001) recorded that lower retool respiration at different storages of "Raktagandha" cut roses was associated with longer vase life, resulted with 2 per cent DM50 pulsing + 4Days storage + preservative. Generally there was an increase in the rate of respiration after pulsing. the reduction after storage and further reduction at senescence.

CARI3OHYDRATE AND NITROGEN META/30LISM

The carbohydrate status is one of the most eswntial factor that effect the development (Mar and Halevy, 1979, Halvey and Mayak, 1979; Halsey, 1987) and wnescence (Ha/evy and Mayak, 1981; Zeislin, 1989) and in turn vase life clout flowers. The final stage of flower development are characterized by a decline ill the content of carbohydrates and dry weight of petals (Antis, 1957; Courts, 1973; Mayak and Halevy, 1974; Nichols, 1973). Sivasamy (1998) reported that higher starch content during different stages after harvest was associated with longer vase life of out roses. In general. the starch content declined gradually from harvest to senescence stage. Marissen (1991) recorded a competition between the inner and outer petals for sugar during flower development, as the area and sugar content increased when fewer outer petals were present dbring vase life. A progressive rise in total soluble sugars content in the petal tissues of roses front harvest towards senescence was observed (Sivasamy, 1998).

Breakdown of protein causes an accumulation of ammonia in the cells, which is responsible for bluing of petals of red roses. An exogenous supply of of sugar delays the onset of excessive protein degradation and also serve as substrate of protein synthesis (Parups and Chan, 1973; Paulin, 1977). However, there is need for further study on the respiratory metabolism and protein recycling in cut flowers.

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Rose Diseases And Pests

POST-HARVEST TECHNOLOGY   

Shape, sixe and color of the rose flower should be representative of the cultivars. According to the market demand and the type of flowers, the stem length of rose cut flowers varies front 15 to 120 cot. Healthy, normal and bright foliage is important. The flowers with uniform stage of development and uniform stem length are preferred. They should, however, be strong and straight and capable of holding the flowers in upright position. (Bhattacharjeo and De, 2005)

VARIABILITY DUE TO INHERENT AND GENETIC FACTORS

Wide differences in the post harvest life and quality of roses have been observed among different species of flowers (Hhattachaffee and Savona, 1998) and among cultivars of the same species (Bhattachalee, 1994). Wide variability irr the thirty-two cultivars of cut roses was observed in water uptake, vase life, weight loss and flower diameter. (De et. al., 1999). The D2values were significant among these thirty-two cultivars, which were grouped into eight clusters. For vase life, the varieties "Angelique", "Golden Times", "Raja S. S. Singh of Nalagarh", "Sandra" (Cluster IV) and "Sonia Mei/land" (Cluster VII) were best. On the other hand, varieties of cluster IV ("Raja Ram Mohan Roy" and "jawani") had shown the highest flower diameter. Different cultivars vary in thee stem diameter and rigidity, which ultimately affect the post harvest life (Nowak and Rudnicki, 1990). Variation in vase life among different cultivars has been attributed to differences in number of thick wall supporting cell in the xylem elements and phloem fibre and presence and absence of complete ring of secondary thickening in flower peduncle (Zamski et. al., 1991). Even stomata' activity especially poor closure of leaves can affect flower vase life (Mayak Cf. al.. 1974). Variation in water uptake among different cultivars of flower is due to differences in the leaf diffusive resistance of leaves in the field Cod°, et. al., 1989) or differences in bacterial or fungal species gaining predominance in the vase water (De Stigter and Broekhayson, 1986). Increment of vase life of cut flowers ntay also be due to higher activity of peroxidase, phenylalanine- ammonialyase and lignifications (Zeislin and Ben- 'dukes, 1991). Furthermore, variation in vase life, weight loss, flower diameter among different cull:biers may be due to differences in senescence behavior by producing higher amount of ACC, ethylene forming enzyme and ethylene (Wu et. al., 1991) and due to genetic make up of the cultivars (Gelder, 1989). Hence, there is an ever ending need for evaluation of all emerging rose cultivars on the basis of their post harvest quality and longevity, apart from a definite breeding programme in this direction.

SENESCENCE AND POST-HARVEST PHYSIOLOGY

A sequence of changes in flower physiology lead to senescence- and these are changes in membrane lipids, a rise in ethylene production and loss of differential permeability generally reflected in in in ion leakage and finally a reduction in weight due to excessive water loss. The leakage of cell constituents due to loss of structural integrity of the cell membrane results in death of flower.

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING SENESCENCE

The longevity of cut flower" in flower vase depends on the rate of transpiration through open stomata of the leaves and the solutes present in the vase water (Van Doom, 1997). Aluminum compounds reduce the transpiration of rose cut flowers by decreasing.

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Classification Of Roses

THE COMPLETE BOOK OF ROSES

Pruning is done gradually by removing maximum of one-third shoots at a time from one plants to avoid shock to the roots and the resulting die-back Such treatments give good bottom breaks arid stronger stems (Bhattachajee and De, 2003).

FEEDING OF PLANTS

For application of accurate dose of fertilbers, frequent analysis of soil samples is essential. For intensive and economical rose crop production both water and fertilisers are applied to growing crops through drip irrigation system which is known as "fertigation." The fertilization provides nitrogen, phosphorus, potash, calcium, magnesium, sulphur, iron. manganese. zinc, boron, copper and molybdenum directly to the active root zone, thus minimising the losses of expensive nutrients, which ultimately helps in productivity and quality of rose flowers (Bhattacharjee and De, 2003).

The rose cultivars 'First Red', "Escada" and "Mercedes" were grown in rock wool with 0.5, 4.0 or 7.0 mm Ca in the nutrient solution. It has been observed that under Ca- deficient conditions, susceptibility of Botrylis cincren increased, necrosis and abscission of the old leaves occurred, mid petal necrosis was slightly higher (Baas et. al.„ 2000). Four rose cultivars "Dallas", Royal Velvet, "Sainantra" and "Vega" were grown from May to December in sand culture. The plants were irrigated with the same nutrient solution using a recirculation system. "Ramada" and "Vega" exhibited a lower concentration of total N and higher concentration of P in sap than "Royal Velvet' and "Dallas" (Cadahia et. al.„ 1998).

Baas et. al., (2004) studied the nutrient emission from a cut rose closed system by high-flux irrigation and low nutrient concentrations. They observed that oxygen deficiency did not occur in the growing media at the relatively high irrigation rates. They also confirmed that NaCI concentrations of 10 mM can be tolerated by cut rose provided nutritional elements are not below certain limiting concentrations. Brun et. al., (2001) investigated the recycling of nutrient solutions for Rosa hybrid in soilless culture. Recycling systems based on electrical conductivity (EC) were tested and compared to systems without recycling. It has been recorded by them that flower yield, quality of vase life of R. hybrid were not affected by recycling. Management of recycling using EC measurement proved to be reliable. There are good relationships between EC and ions concentrations for supplied solutions and leachate solutions recycled and not recycled.

IRRIGATION

In poly houses, noules and drip system of irrigation is practical. To distribute the water horizontally drip irrigation is used. The drip irrigation system can be sub divided into two main groups according la the location of the emitter (dripper), namely surface and sub-surface drip irrigation. In surface irrigation a single drip line between two rows of plants or one drip line for each row of plants is used. In free drained sandy sods, many drip points are required to supply sufficient water to all plants. In sub-surface irrigation drip lines are laid out 10-15 cm below the soil surface in the root zone of the plants. The sub-surface irrigation allows the water to come in direct contact of the roots.

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Roses Their Spiritual Significance

IRRIGATION

Rose needs plenty of water for their optimum growth and flowering but, they do not like water logging. The frequency of watering is dependent upon the water and nature of soil Sandy soil needs more frequent water than clay soils. Water requirement of rose depends on the plant sire and growth period; and the frequency of irrigation depends on stage of growth, soil texture apart front climate and weather. Biswas (1984) suggested that in loamy and alluvial soils of Delhi, rose beds are to be watered once a week, or ten days in winter, and twice a week during summer. In a climate like Bangalore, having red soil, one heavy irrigation at five day's interval is recommended throughout the year expect during rains when this has to be adjusted depending on the rainfall (Randhawa and Mukhopadhyay, 1986). In eastern India where the rainfall is heavy, no irrigation may be required at all during the rainy season. Jagtap (1990) advowted drip irrigation for commercial cultivation of roses in Maharastra for saving water, excellent growth of plants and reduction of weed to a minimum. Laurie and Ries (1950) have not advised sprinkle irrigation as it brings the feeding roots to the surface and cause burning.

An average sized H.T. row bush might loose through transpiration about 30 gallons of water during the growing period. A well established Rambler "Dorthy Parkins" may transpire about 100 gallons of water (Allen, 1956). Misting in the greenhouse is beneficial for faster growth of row plants. Water loss from the plants in the non-cooled green houses is much higher than in the air-cooled green houses. Cooling in the green houses improves the flower and foliage color and size, while there may be reduction in flower production with the over-cooling. Experiments were also conducted on surface irrigation and automatic injection of water with variable results.

To decrease the nutrient emixsion from closed nutrient system by using high irrigation rates (approxanately 1, 1.9 and 3.8 litre per plant per day) to allow lower EC levels in the presence of accumulated Na and Cl an experiment was carried out by Baas er al., (2004). No effects of irrigation frequency or interaction with irrigation frequency with growing media or EC were found on production of roses. They have confirmed that NacI concentrations of 10mM can be tolerated by cut rows provided nutritional elements are not below certain limiting concentration. Cabrera (1997) studied the water use efficiency in roses grown at different nitrogen fertilization and irrigation regimes.

In rose plants high concentration of salts in irrigation water is harmful. For rose productMn 11CO3" ion is highly toxic (exceeding 2mg,/ I) resulting in chlorusis. Electrical conductivity exceeding 18000 inhos/cm reduces the yield. 

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How To Make A Rose Garden

MINIATURE

Plants are pruned to one-half size or 15 cm to 25 cm height depending upon the afitivars and the area in which to grow. Dead twigs are to be removed. The strong growing types need pruning back, or heavier growth is removed favoring the smaller growth, If one is willing to keep plants low and bushy. Pinching once or twice to keep the plants from growing too tall is also necessary. After flowering light shearing of tops will ensure a more compact plant for the next bloom. Trimmed or sheared plants bloom again in one or half month's time, depending on cultivars and the time of the year. To delay blooming and to induce branching, miniature types may be pinched or Rimed at any time of the year. (Moore, 1906)

CLIMBERS AND RAMBLERS

Pruning in climbers is a matter of common sense. In order to induce the plants to renew itself with virgin growth, thinning or removing of old wood may be practical. There are handy, tender and intermediate climbers of roses. Small flowers borne in clusters, and long and twiggy growth, whkh belong to multiflora class, characterize the hardiest climbers or to the early race of Wichuraiana hybrids are generally benefited by hard pruning. These roses produce strong new canes from the base of the plant every year and the new canes mature sufficiently in one season to bear a crop of flowers in the following year. While the climbing roses of Tea, Hybrid Tea, Noisette, Bourbon, and such other tender strains bloom very sparingly on new wood: and the finest flowers are produced from short spurs which grow out of two or three years old can.. Hence, these tender roses should not suffer the devastating treatment given to the hardier types. In such tender Wpes, removing of surplus dangling ends and canos which threaten to grow in wrong places should only be removed. The intermediate types are large flowered hardy climbers and according to the growth habit of the cultivars, like vigorous or moderate vigor will need vigorous pruning or light pruning. There is no doubt, that the most careful judgment marlin exercised while pruning the climbing rows. Each gardener must work out his own practke to prun his climbers for his ONVII requirements in the garden. (Stevens, 1933)

HYBRID MUSKS

This fascinating but neglected group of rows presents a charming feature in their continuity in blooming. They do not produce non-flowering growth. Cutting out old and weakly growth is only required anti the reward will be an abundance of bloom over a long period. (Norman, 1953)

OLD-FASHIONED AND SHRUB SPECIES

Shapely and floriferous p/ards are needed in this group rather than quality of bloom. 19'eak wood, sickly growth and loose arching branches are to be removed. Cutting of OM shoot every year to get new growth from the base of the plant can be practiced. Over pruning should be avoided. If on observation, a variety flowers on old and young wood then leave as much branches as possible. (Grier, 1969)

TREE ROSES

Suckers from the bare of the trunk should be removed. Shapeliness of the head of the tree rove is to be maintained by removing dead or useless wood. The real beauty of this group lies in its symmetry and proportion. Cutting back to 25 cm to 30 cm, keeping 2 or 3 strong eyes on side branches will be helpful (Milton, 1962)

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Make Your Garden Colourful With Roses

GARDEN DESIGN, PLANTING AND MANAGEMENT

GARDEN DESIGN

Where space permib, rose can be cultivated in a special garden. This consists of a number of beds grouped together in simple design. The construction of rose garden involves design, choice of varieties, preparation of soil and planting. In case of formal design, a rose garden needs a focal point. This type of garden need not, of course be of fobnal design, as noses can be equally attractive in an irregular enclosure and in beds of informal shape, provided that the garden is planned for pictorial effect. The path or space behveen the beds can be composed of grass, which always forms a pleasing setting to a bright display of flowers of any kind or of gravel or broken flagstones. The length of such a garden may vary from a simple bed of hybrid tea roses surrounded by turf to elaborate designs. This may include climbers and ramblers on walls or rustic arches and fences together with uniform borders of Floribundas, Standards, Weeping Standards and several beds of Hybrid Tea, Miniature and Polyantha roses can also serve a useful purpose in borders and edges. This type of garden will offer good opportunities for growing of many attractive rose species, too (Bhattacharjee, 2004).

Rose can be effective when seen in group and flourish for several years and of course they produce superb individual flowers. The traditional pattern of rose garden dates back to the mediaeval garden, in which the enclosed garden was divided in to small, regular p/ots around in central dipping well or fountain, and from which herbs and flowers could be picked from the intervening paths. In the later Victorian and Edwardian eras the enclosed garden entirely for roses retained this concept of formal beds cut out of the turf around a central feature of pool, sundial or statute and today in many public parks this is still the pattem. In the present housing development roses are treated as the shrubs or herbaceuuu plants in the mixed border with three or five bushes in a group in pockets among other plants. This method allows the roses lo be set into a background of shrubs or other foliage plants which enhance their blooms. Background color is very important for an appreciation of roses. Walls of brick or stone or color wash and timber fencing all need roses of contrasting colors against them for effective results. tithe garden is large enough, a more informal or abstract or abstract pattern can often fit better into the site and different steed beds can lend themselves to a more balanced color palette. Of all the garden plants the rose probably has the more varieci applications, for bedding, for hedging, for screening, for ground cover and coon. 

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