Propagation Of Orchids

OTHER METHODS

Cultural methods like subjecting the plants to a temperature regime of 35-37°C for 9 weeks was reported to eliminate 96% of cyrnbidium ring spot vu. horn infected Nantiation slatelandii (cf. Zaidi at al., 2001). Inheritance of Dendrobisin floral necrosis caused by Cy MV was studied by Kobayashi and Kamarnoto (1989) and observed that crosses between susceptible parents produced susceptible progeny, whereaa crosses between resistant parents produced resistant progeny. Kuehnle (19%) discussed control and eradication of virus in Dendrabinm by hybridization, tissue culture and genetic engineering. A genetic alternative androgenosis coupled with chromosome doubling by colchicine treatment was reported as effective for ridding amphidiplord of viruses.

A BRIEF REVIEW ON INSECT PESTS OF ORCHIDS

Several workers have studied insect pests of orchids in different parts of the world, In the following section, reports on insect pests of orchids are briefly mentioned.

The females of Oichromothrips cortetti damaging flowers of variety of Vanda orchids was observed (Anonymous, 1971).

Harmon (1979) reported Ansearrum Scale, Conehaspisangraeri Cockevell, tube causing severe damage on the stems and leaves of orchid in Florida.

Timmerman and Vrie (1982) suggested that Thrips raised on orchids could be controlled by (0 misting 100 ml delta-methrin, 40-50 ml permethrin or 100-150 ml pirimiphosmethyl per 1000 rri; (ii) spraying with 2550 g or 25-50 ml perrnethrin or 50 ml deltamethrin, 100 g proposur, 508 acepha le or 100 ml pirimiphosmethyl, and (iii) dusting with 300 g propoxur or 200-3050 parathion.

Black twig borer, Xylosandnm compact. (Eichhoff) 0 feed on orchids was reported by Dixon and Woodruff (1983). They recommended use of chloropyrif. at preliminary stage.

Mau (1983) reported orchid weevil, Orallidophilus Merriam. in Haw.. He observed that the weevils laid egg; in the cavities formed by adull feeding, larvae mined pseudobulbs, completed pupation inside mine.

Lanandin (1983) reported a new species of scale, rtslerolecanium rossellae on orchids in l'hilippines.

I lartley at al. (19E4) suggested to include two biological control agents Eniarsia formosa and Phytusendm persimilis in 1PM for Cymbidi fon orchids.

Pettersson (1984) recorded the presence of Brevipalpas oncidli Baker and Prisfiphara alnitera Mg. on orchids for the first time in Sweden.

Tyraphagus !angler, a polyphagos mite, was recorded to cause flower damage in Cyranidiurn in Italy by Ciampolini at al. (1985).

Classification Of Flowers

Planting

Plants should be spaced a distance equal to their mature width. Ten-inch plants should be planted 10 inches apart. Clusters of 3 or more large plants or 5 or more small plants of the same color usually make a better visual impact than those planted singly.

Dig a hole that allows transplants to be at the same soil level as in the container. Loosen and spread roots to encourage new outward root development. Water immediately after planting.

Fertilise based on soil test results. Use either a time - released fertiliser that will last all season or plan to apply water-soluble fertilizer or three times during the growing season. Liquid 20-20-20 or 23-19-17 formulations should be applied biweekly to annuals. Follow product instructions for dilution rates.

Gardeners who grow their plants from seed will notice the wide difference in seed size. Some seeds am so small that they should be mined with sand before sowing. This allows better control over spacing. Seed companies offer some very, fine seed M pelletised forts. Plants that have very small, dust-like seeds are often purchased as transplants because of the difficulty in handling these seeds.

Watering

Apply water when soil becomes dry. Newly planted transplants quickly wilt if conditions are dry and windy. Water young and newly planted plants more frequently than mature, established plants. Keep soil moist to a depth of 4 to 5 inches. If rainfall does not provide this moisture.  Apply water at a rate of 1 inch per week. Try to keep water off foliage. A layer of mulch that does not touch the crown of the plant will help conserve substantially less expensive. Many perennials may be seeded in June, then transplanted in early autumn.

Buying transplants

When purchasing potted perennials at a nursery, avoid selecting plants in bloom unless you must be assured of a specific color. Remove any flowers at planting time to promote root establishment. The price of plants relates to the size and age of the plants. Newer cultivars are more expensive than cultivars that have been marketed for several years.

Transplanting

Gardeners, who enjoy collecting perennials, had that as plants mature they may wish to relocate some of them. Transplant perennials in early spring just after growth starts or in early September. To relocate perennials during the main growing season, remove all flowers and cut back foliage. Trimming of flowers and leaves reduces transplant shock. Water as needed for good establishment.

Ftetdis4ng

Perennials often stay in the same location for years. This means that selection and preparation of site for new plantings are vitally important. Organic matter worked into the soil at planting time can provide nutrients and improve aeration and drainage.

For perennials that require annual fertilisation, apply in spring as new growth begins. Broadcast 1 pound of 5- 10-5 or 6-12-6 over 100 square feet of area. Make another 1-pound application 8 weeks later. Wash off any fertiliser that remains on foliage. Astilbe, chrysanthemum. delphinium, lupines and summer phlox are perennials moisture. A new layer of mulch may be applied each spring after the soil warms to maintain a 2-inch depth of mulch.

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Useful Flower Guide For gardening

Jumbo Flats

One of the main growing areas of the flat market is the jumbo pack that has 6 packs per flat with 4 or 6 cells per flat. The flat size remains the same as standard flats, but the cells are 31/8 inches deep instead of the 23/8 inches for standard packs providing a 25 to 30 percent increase in soil volume. Jumbo packs are used by growers seeking longer shelf-life, reduced losses in the retail area, and better quality for the customer.

Shmkne Flats

For the large grower who markets to chain outlets, slimline flats offer a way to reduce production costs when the market resists a price increase. These flats are 81/2 inches wide (rather than 11 inches) by 20 or 21 inches long. Therefore, they take up 15 percent less space than standard flats and more flats can be grown per unit greenhouse area.

Bedding plants marketed in containers larger than market flats are becoming more popular each year for both homemvners and the landscape contractor markets. Some bedding plants grown in 4- or 6-inch pots will produce a colorful show in several weeks and bring a premium price in the market. Even larger-sized color pots, containers with multiple plants of different species, or cultivars mixed in a colorful display, are becoming more popular. Showing flower color is essential to marketing these larger products. Start growing larger- sized products by transplanting market-pack-grown plants to large containers early in the spring. Growing Media Soilless mixes are the most often used growing media for bedding plants These mixes provide anchorage that enables the plant to support itself and regulate the supply of water, oxygen, and nutrients to the roots. No one specific tnedium can be singled out as the best, and quality bedding plants can be grown in a wide variety of media combinations. The type of medium a grower chooses depends on personal preference, type of greenhouse, type of irrigation, crop type, and cost. Some soilless mixes work better for some types of plants than do others, but many growers use one mix for all bedding plants.

The first decisiim involving growing media is often whether to purchase medium or mix your own at the greenhouse operation. On face value, commercially bagged mixes seem expensive but once all the costs are considered, mixing your own formulation may be out of the question for most small praisers. Like many economic decisions in the greenhouse, carefully consider all the costs of both approaches. For a commercial bag mix consider the cost per bag and shipping costs. For mixing your own formulation, consider each component's cost, management time, labor, office expenses, equipment costs and depreciation, and costs of special structures for the mixing facility and component storage. Many large growers mix their own formulation because the cost of commercially bagged mixes would be prohibitive. One other option is to purchase bulk mixes from local formulators. These companies will mix a medium to your specification and deliver by truck at a lower cost than you would pay for commercially bagged mixes.

Regardless, make sure that the medium comes from a reliable source so that there are few weed seeds and sunlight received daily, (3) rainfall averages and average intervals between rains, and (4) soil characteristics such as drainage and moisture retention. Each of these components should be further defined prior to plant selection.

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Tips And Ideas For Garden Lovers

Commercial Floriculture

Ethylene is another important consideration affecting post harvest longevity. Flowers cannot be stored with any kind of fruit or vegetable. The ethylene produced by the fruit or veggie will result in premature floral senescence. Good ventilation and removal of dead and dying flowers are essential to maintain a relatively ethylene-free environment.

Grading, Packing and Delivery

There is no mandatory grading system for specialty cut flowers. General rules of thumb apply, however, emphasising uniformity: no greater than 10% deviation in stem length, relative uniform stem diameter, flowers of uniform size and stage of development. Ten sterma per bunch is the standard for most species. with some species sold in fives or as singles.

There are myriad packing options - buckets, boxes, flowers held wet or dry; find out which are appropriate for the species you are growing. The majority of specialty cut flower growers use the indispensable 5-gallon plastic bucket. Be aware that some species such as snapdragon and gladiolus exhibit a geotropic response: sterns laid flat will bend upwards, away from the gravitational pull, resulting in curved stems.

Vehicular and personnel requirements necessary for timely deliveries are often overlooked in the planning of a cut flower business. Things can get complicated, reducing efficiency and profits. One alternative is to deliver directly from the field in the morning. This works adequately for immediate delivery to local markets. However, if you need to hold the flowers for any reason, such as accumulating certain cuts for a larger wholesale market, cold storage facilities will be necessary.

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Gardening With Commercial Floriculture

Global Fronds In Floriculture

In the cut-flower sector, the Netherlands is the only country which derives its competitiveness from rapid innovations. Although the great innovative ability in the Netherlands has been primarily concentrated on the suppin the Netherlands has been primarily concentrated on the supply side, a change to more awareness of the demand side is clearly noticeable. Stronger vertical integration to meet the demands of consumers and retailers, more effective logistics, higher quality products and environmentally sound production facilities are all current topics. Disadvantages for the Dutch sector such as expensive taw materials and labor and a less favorable climate are compensated for by strong points such as high productivity, a tightly-knit and efficient distribution network and a wide, innovative range of products.

The country's favorable position with respect to Europe, its capacity to invest, its good infrastructure and the comprehensive knowledge and network available to the sector constitute a good seedbed for innovations. The network in which the sector is incorporated is not only vertica/ but is also increasingly developing horizontally. Although the Dutch sector also competes internationally in the area at costs, it does not depend on low costs for labor, land, raw materials and capital. Its strength is based more on its ability to innovate rapidly. This is reflected in its productivity, quality, range of innovations, high professional skill and state-of-the-art technology.

In markets where cost prices are important, the Netherlands will experience increasing competition from African countries such as Kenya, Zambia and South Africa, and from Latin America  and South Africa, and from Latin American countries like Columbia and Ecuador. 

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Useful Information About Commercial Floriculture

Modal Trends in Mon./Pure Evert/end°, of ornamental 0105

The value of world import/export is increasing every year. In 1982, the total value was about 25 billion dollars. In 1996, the total value was alma 2.5 billion dollars. In 1996, the total value was already 7.5 billion dollars. Although the growth is in nominal value, the figures show a rapid increase in the flows of horticultural products. The biggest import markets are Germany, USA, France and the United Kingdom. The world's largest exporter of horticultural products is by far the Nether/and, which is responsible for about 60% of international export.

The international trade in cut flowers and potted plants is growing every year. From the total production of cut flowers and potted plants, only a small part is exported to the international market. About 75%, of the international trade comes from within Europe. Germany alone accounts for 30% of the world imports of cut flowers. Besides Germany, the United States, France and the United Kingdom are big importers. The Netherlands is also a big importer but it re-exports most of its imports, primarily to Europe.

The to value of the world export of cut flowers rose from 1.25 billion dollars in 1982 to 3.6 billion dollars in 1995. The Netherlands, Columbia, Israel, Kenya and Ecuador are the biggest exporting countries in the world. The position of the Netherlands in very dominant in the total export. When you consider the export from the Nether/and to other European countries (1.8 billion dollars from the total export value of 2.1 billion dollars) as inter export value of 2.1 billion dollars) as interregional trade, the conclusion is that the international trade is very limited in relation to total world wide consumption. It is to be expected that the north-south axis will be important to the expo./ market. Africa will increasingly export to Europe, and South America to the USA and Canada. Within Asia, there will be a growing interregional trade with upcoming countries like Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines. Australia and New Zealand have possibilities on the niche market in Asia with high-quality products.

The total export of potted plants is smaller, amounting to about 1.75 billion dollars in 1995. Because of the high transport costs per unit, the export of this type of product is usually to neighboring countries. The main exporters are the Netherlands, Denmark and Belgium.

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Basic Information About Rose Gardening

THE COMPLETE BOOK OF ROSES

Symptoms : Stippling on leaves, yellowing and withering of leaves since these insects suck the sap of the leaves. Management : Spray of Neem oil (3%) or Methyl Demeton 25 EC (2m1/1) or Phosalone 35EC (2m1/1) or application of Carbofuran 3G (5grn/plant) (Karuppucharny and Palaniswarny, 2006). Black Fly Afewocantims reset.

Symptoms : The insmt.feeds on the sap of rose plants particularly tender leaves. These are minor insects and occasionally observed in roses. With the attack of insects, the leaves lose their luster and look dry. Crinkling of leaves caused due to sap sucking from leaves. The adults lay eggs on the undersurface of leaves. The nymphs are brownish yellow and the puparia jet-black with a colony fringe all around and globular secretions sticking to the tips of the spine (Karuppuchamy and Palaniswamy, 2006).

Management : According to Atwal (1986) the insects are controlled through the spray of Malathion 50EC (875m1/2501it), or Dithmethoate 30EC (750ml/25014

Scurfy Scale : Aulacasyis mane.

Symptoms : Round, flat, opaque males upto 2-3mm across, form dense colonies on woody stems of certain species of row, both outdoors and under green house conditions. Males are present in this species and the male wales are elongate white fluted scales, which are smaller than females. A female lays eggs in July-August. Nymphs soon hatch and nettle to feed before hibernating (Sharma and Bhattacharjm, 2006).

Management : Rub the scales with cotton soaked in Kerosene or Diesel or methylated sprit. Cut and bum the affected branches. Spray of Melathion 50EC (2501/I) twice, first at the time of pruning and again during March-April gives better resulbs.

Red Colton Bug t Dysderna sp.

Symptoms It causes moderate to severe damage mostly to rose flowers (Verghese and Prasad, 1983).

Management :Spray of Quinalphos 25EC (/.5m1/1) or Monocrotophos 36W5C (1m1/ I) can control these insects (Karuppucharny and Palaniswarny, 2006).

Flower Chafer Beetle    I OM, loan, Oxycetonin versicalour, acycetonin albapunctrt, Adoralus verslitus.

Symptoms arycetonin alboptacta feeds on flowers of rose (Sand, 1990), Chilalolv acute feeds an leaves and flowers; while, Oxyretoma versicolour which is a red coloured beetle feeds upon growing points and making irregular holes and punches on the leaves. These insects are most arose during wet months of the year The adult lays eggs in the soil from which larvae develops into large fleshy yellowish-white grubs with strong biting mouthparts. The grub damages the roots and adults feeds on foliage.

Management t bland picking and destruction of chaffer beetles during day time (Anonymous, 1999). Soil around the trunk to be treated with Carbaryl (10%) at the rate of 30gm/pant (Ramesh, 1994). Methyl Parathion 50EC (2m1/1 of water) or Endosulfan 35EC (2m1/1) or Melathion 50EC (2m1/ I) can control these insects. By regular hoeing and forking operations the grubs could he brought over the ground and killed.

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