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Gerbera jamesonii

COMMON NAME                                   Gerbera

Family                                    Composita

 Propagation                    September-October (February-March) Transplanting Month                             October-November

Planting Distance                                          40 cm x 30 cm

Height of Plant                                              Medium: 30-45 cm

Flowering Month                                          Almost round the year

Colours                                                            Pink, red, orange, yellow, white, lilac

Soil                                                              Medium

Sunlight                                                        Partial shade

Irrigation                                                      Normal

Suitable For                                                 Raised beds and as cut flowers

Gerbera jamesonii has a small stem with broad leaves which are narrow towards the base and broad at the tip with deeply cut edges. The flower head consists of a long ray and disc florets. The petals are long, narrow, compactly arranged and surround the inner dark circle. The flower can be single or double.

The plant is a herbaceous perennial which grows in clumps. The roots of Gerbera go very deep into the soil, therefore raised soil beds about 12-15 cm are prepared by deep digging up to 30 cm. In September, the large clumps are divided into small clumps and planted. In February, the clump from the mother plant gives rise to 5-6 plants. Keeping the main shoot intact, trim the roots and leaves of the suckers and bury the main shoot in such a way that the main shoot does not get covered by the soil. The hot summer is harmful to Gerbera so it needs to be protected from direct sunlight using nets or the plant can be grown under the partial shade of trees in the vicinity.

Freshly harvested seeds should be sown in beds and planted in 4 inch size pots till they reach 1-2 inch in size. The pots are maintained under shade till their final transplanting in beds during September-October. Transplantation is done when the seedlings attain a height of 4-5 inch.

It is a popular, attractive and ideal cut flower having a cut life of 6-8 days.

Roses Pruning India

All the healthy roses branches are retained and pruned to about one- half of the growth made in the preceding season. However, to get good quality roses, the number of _branches retained has to be reduced to about 3-5, so that nourishment is available to a few limited growths to obtain exhibition blooms. There are certain H.T. roses, which may not like even moderate pruning, depending upon the locality. A grower will learn by experience the amount of pruning needed for a particular type of rose in a specific climate. It is normally observed that cultivators growing vigorously need less cutting back, than those which are weak in growth. In tempeiate climates like England, it is suggested that one branch every year be pruned to one eye to ,get some based growth to keep the plant bushy.
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Floribunda Bushes

This class of roses produce flowers in abundance and hence the name. In the year after planting, Floribundas may need much harder pruning than only tipping, as in such climates roses produce rank growth. Hard pruning is never practised for Floribundas.

Standard

The principle of pruning for both H.T. and Floribunda standards is almost similar to bush roses of these kinds. Hard pruning is not given. The standards make less vegetative growth compared to bush roses, as the sap has to flow about 1 metre from the roots. Accordingly, pruning has to be a little lighter than for bush roses. All dead wood is removed during pruning. Any sucker which may be growing in the 1 metre stein of the rootstock has also to be removed.
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Dwarf Polyantha and Miniature

By nature these roses are dwarf and hardly need any pruning. The overcrowded and dead branches are removed. The branches

which have completed flowering are tipped to encourage new, growth.

Climbers and Ramblers

There is some confusion regarding the pruning of Climbers and Ramblers. This is because these groups of roses have been hybri­dized and mixed so much that suggesting any general method of pruning is not possible. Training of Ramblers and Climbers are -as important as pruning. It is recommended that all Climbers and Ramblers may be trained horizontally, if profuse blooming is desired. For this purpose they are trained on walls or trellis. Any vertical growth is to be pegged down if possible. Fornon vigorous types, it is advised to train them on posts or pillars. On a post or pergola the canes (stems) may be twisted or zig-zagged rather than training these straight. Any method which hinders the free flow of sap in the stem, will promote flowering. The aim of training. is to ensure unhindered supply of light, air and space.

• As already mentioned, because of the heterogenous nature of the climbers, it will be difficult to give any general guidance for pruning. Some of these flower on old stems while others bloom in new stems. Hence, one has to first study the nature of the climbers (i.e., whether blooms occur on new or old wood) and accordingly adjust the pruning. Fortunately, a majority of the climbers, especially the Hybrid Tea types, boom satisfactorily on older canes. The H.T. Climbers do not produce enough bloom on new growth. The short branches arising out of the old canes, pro­duce the most and best blooms. To avoid over-crowding of branches, one or two old canes may be removed to accommodate the new growth. One major pruning strategy is to remOve all dead and exhausted canes. Any dead tips on branches Must also be removed.

Theoretically, all Ramblers flower on the preceding year's growth. Hence, once a shoot has flowered, this has to be cut off, and in its place a new growth may be trained, if there are not much of new stems, some of the good old stems may be retained. and the laterals growing on them are trimmed to about 6-8 cm from the base of the main cane. Vigorous growing Ramblers like 'American Pillar' may not need much pruning except removal of dead wood. But if such a vigorous Rambler attains an unmanage­able size, sometimes, it is advised to cut back the whole plant at

45 cm from ground level and to allow young growth to develop. However, some Ramblers may need only light pruning. Hence pruning may be adjusted depending upon the growing behaviour of a cultivar.

Blind Shoots

Occasionally, it may be observed that after pruning some new branches stop growing and fail to produce a flower bud. Such shoots are called a blind shoot. It has been proved experi- mentally, by propagating blind shoots and vigorous flowering shoots, that blindness is not an inherited character as plants railed from a blind shoot flower freely. According to one finding, severe pruning may produce more blind shoots compared to moderate pruning. Low auxin or gibberellin levels in blind shoots may be a cause for their occurrence. Shading of young shoots may cause blindness. Shading reduces the translocation of carbohydrates in the young shoots. Similarly, levels of auxin and gibberellin in shaded shoots are low. One way of inducing a blind shoot to flower is to cut back lightly to a healthy eye just below the tip. Experiments indicate that spraying with chemical like Cycocel, reduces the occurrence of blind shoots.

PROPAGATION AND CULTIVATION Of Roses

PROPAGATION AND CULTIVATION Of Roses

Several important aspects of rose growing will be discussed in this chapter. To begin with, it will discuss the way new rose plants are propagated. Other aspects will include preparation of land for rose growing and method of planting. The other important topics of deliberations will be the cultural care the rose plants require throughout its useful existence. Proper feeding is another area in rose growing, • which demands special attention on the part of a rose grower. The water requirement of roses must also be studied so as to grow this flower successfully.    
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Propagation

Roses can be propagated by various methods, both sexual as well as asexual or vegetative methods. The methods used for pro- pagation are from seeds, cuttings, layers, budding, grafting and tissue culture.

A. Seeds

Rose plants can also be raised from seeds. However, this method is followed normally for propagation of some rootstocks _ (in tem­perate regions) and species, or for raising new hybrid plants. Some wild species of roses (e.g., dog rose) used as rootstock in temperate countries produce numerous fruits (called hips) which contain enough seeds for raising new seedlings. Since there is hardly any crossing in nature, these species of roses produce more or less true- to-type seedlings (i.e. seedlings which do not show much diffe­rence from the mother). However, seedlings thus raised do not get ready for budding in the same season.

Rose seeds go through a period of 'after ripening' following harvest, during which phase these will not geminate. This is partly because the seeds are covered with a hard and imper- vious seed coat. A short description of how to get the seeds ger- minated may be given. The fruits or 'hips' are harvested when they ripe, i.e., when the colour changes from green to orange, red or yellow as the case may be. The seeds are extracted by cutting open. the hips. The hard seed coats have to be softened by scarification before ^.sowing. The procedure followed is to immerse the seeds in concentrated sulphuric acid for 30 minutes, following which these • are washed in water (preferably running water) for 2-3 hours. After scarification the seeds are put for stratification. For stratification, the seeds are sown in flats containing shredded and wet sphagnum moss, or wet vermiculite or moist sand. These can also be sown in plastic bags. These flats or bags are stored (before storing these are to be labelled indicating the parents used in the cross, in case of hybrid seeds) at 3 to 4°C for at least 4 weeks or until about 5 %, of the seeds start germinating. After this, the flats containing the seeds are transferred to a temperature of 18 to 21°C, where•the seeds finally germinate in about another 3 weeks. The seedlings, when these are large enough to handle, are transferred to a fertile growing medium for development till the first bloom appears.

Hips can also be harvested in the green stage for embryo cul­ture. The embryos are extracted from the seed coat with the help of a sharp instrument and these are cultured in a nutrientagar media (similar to ones used for germinating orchid seeds), to obtain the rose seedlings. The whole operation is undertaken in a completely aseptic (i.e., sterile) condition to avoid fungal con- tamination.

In India, except few professional and amateur breeders, no other rose grower may need to propagate roses from seeds.

B. Cuttings

Roses are propagated from recently matured stem cuttings. This method of propagation is most useful, especially in India, to raise the rootstocks or understocks as this is called sometimes. Not many modern cultivars of roses can be propagated by cuttings, while some others which could be raised by this method, do not grow as, vigorously or produce as many flowers as a budded plant will dO. 

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USES OF ROSES

Importance in Social Life

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The importance of the rose in the literary world and religion_. has been emphasised to a great extent, in the introduction and chapter on 'Roses Through the Ages'. Though the rose is not_grown as widely as such other flowers as jasmine or marigold, but it is still loved by all Indians irrespective of religion, caste, or economic status. One reason why it is not cultivated widely is the difficulty in getting good quality plants and the cost which is beyond the reach of many people. Moreover, many people do not have the proper know-how about the cultivation of roses. Although the rose is a comparatively hardy plant, to grow it successfully a certain amount of expertise is essential. Once these difficulties are removed, this flower will be grown more widely than ever. In spite of the difficulties stated, the queen of flowers is ever popular with the Indian masses. It is preferred to many others because of its beauty, fragrance and astonishing range of shape and colour. Except black and true blue, any other 'colour and a blend of various colours may be fold in this popular flower, However, in U.S.A., the rose does not top as a cut flower, taking a back seat in preference to 'mums' (chrysanthemum) and probably carna­tions, as the life of a cut rose is much shorter than these flowers. One other reason for the popularity of this flower may be due to the fact that Pandit Nehru was fond of roses and every morning sported one in his buttonhole. The untiring efforts on the part of Dr. B.P. Pal, one of our top agricultural scientists, to evolve new varieties and publicising and popula^pising this flower has definitely contributed towards its wide acceptability in recent times. His efforts has encouraged other people to start scientific investi­gation and breeding on roses.

It was mainly the Mughal rulers of India who introduced this flower into this country. With the discovery of Attar-i-Jehangiri by Nur Jehan, its popularity increased. Huge quantities of rose petals used to be sent to the Mughal Emperors for personal use. The Kings and .Begunis used to bathe in rose water. It was during one such bath that Nur-Jehan discovered drops of rose oil on the surface of water.

Since the flower is so popular and so much in use in our daily lives, methods have been developed to dry rose bloom's in their natural colour and use them as long as desired for decoration. The roses are dried with a small stem in standing position in a glass jar with the help of silica gel. The National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow has standardised the method 'for/this and a bulletin is available describing the procedure.

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Commercial Preparations

There are several economic and commercial uses of rose products. The rose was used as a medicine even in ancient times. Culpeper (1616) said that every part of rose could be used as a medicine. He found that a decoction of red roses in combination with wine is good for headache, pain of eyes, throat and gums. Peasants in Calabria in Italy, make a liquor from roses which is not only intoxicating but also provokes sexual excitement. During the last world war vitamin C was extracted from rose hips. Some wild and cultivated roses produce hips in abundance. About 150 mg of ascorbic acid (i.e., Vit. C) is said to be obtained from 100 g of rose-hip syrup. Compared to this, raw orange juice has only about 20 mg. Rose water is used in eye lotions And eye drops even in-modern medicine for its soothing effect. it is also used to mal_ice soothing summer drinks.

Rose-oil or 'ono' of roses is prepared from roses. For the preparation of rose water, rose oil or attar, freshly opened flowers are plucked early in the morning before sunrise. Flowers plucked late in the day are used for the preparation of other rose conser­ves. The roses which yield rose oil of perfumery grade are Rosa damascena (Damask rose), R. alba and R. centifolia (the cabbage• rose). In India the 'Rose Edouard' a variety of R. bourboniana (popularly known as ‘Baramasi' or ^`Chenia') is also used.

The conserves made out of rose in India are Gulkhand, Pankhuri and Gulroghan hair oil. Out of these, the first is most

popular and used as an ingredient in the preparation of pan (betel- leaf). This product is valued for its properties As _,a tonic and laxative. Normally petals of 'Rose Edouvc1_.' are ^*iise41er Its pre, paration. However, many other people tisi^— a0Iscenidd rose for this purpose. The product is prepared by.pounding equal quanti- ties of rose petals and white sugar over a ^...g6ittⁱe heat. To conserve the delicate perfume heating may be ^..iistiidetTS-⁷-the 'dried rose petals are commonly called Pankhuri and used to prepare Sherbat during summer. Scented roses are preferred for-this purpose.

Good Fathers Day Gifts At A1 Delhi Flowers

It is cool for outings, concerts or trips. The mixture of wine and tote makes it a fantastic present for the wine lover. This is indeed a unique and grand gift. The gift can be personalized using the engraved letters of your choice.  One's father will be able to test his skill in driving in the V8 race experience. It will be an extraordinary gift that will set his heart racing and adrenaline pumping. He will feel like he is a real racer. One has to be confident that one's father will be ready for such an experience because one should keep in mind that the V8 race experience is completely different from the experience of driving one's own car. You can also send flowers to Delhi on this special day.

But then, why not make merry one day and shower your father with gifts which is one way of showing your love and affection to your father. Father's day is observed all over the world on the third Sunday of June every year to give your father gifts and appreciate him for all that he has done for you.  It is a day when we get a chance to shower our love on our fathers who have done so much for us all their lives without asking for anything in return.

Novelty gifts, like putting your Dad on the cover of a magazine, make great personalized gifts too. Mother's Day is pretty straightforward. Flowers, chocolates and blush-inducing Jane Austen DVDs usually do the trick. Perhaps it's because this celebration of motherhood stretches back a few centuries that we have developed system of rewarding our overworked mums and pampering them for one day a year.

So, we'll turn to Fathers Day gift ideas online. We want to see if it would be more fun to have his presents delivered or give it to him in person. One thing we do know is we want him to have a good time, right? While some people manage to run to a local supermarket and pick up things like cologne or just a pack of beer, not everyone has that option. For a lot people whose parents live in another state, if they haven't bought a gift a week before the holiday, getting them delivered on time will be really hard.

When it comes to buying a fathers day gift, you should take a pick that suits to his taste. Surely you will find a galaxy of beautiful items in the market, but it is you who have to make a choice which one to pick up. 20th June is the ideal day to express your appreciation for your father who has left no stone unturned to bring you up. You have guessed it right, it is the father's day. So wake up and think a lot what to buy as the fathers day gifts.

There are numerous good ideas for Fathers Day gifts. It might be an oldie but a box of chocolates are a safe bet. Activity gifts are a possibility for the more active father with gifts such as driving days and hot air balloon rides available. I'm sure we've all had to listen to our dads waffle on about how great things were in their day. The new way of hectic and stressful lifestyles can take their toll on your father, as such why not treat him to a day out at one of the UK's top spas to help him unwind relax and ready to face the world again!

Send Flowers Online Without the Hassle

When you place your order for flowers online, the entire cumbersome process of ordering in person disappears. It takes a mere ten minutes and you can scroll through dozens of flower arrangements. Place your order immediately and be done. Giving gifts express to loved ones thoughtfulness, affection and awareness, but flowers convey more than that. Flowers express a sense of emotional bonding, personal intimacy and romance. You can always give a gift of flowers to show appreciation, friendship or simply neighborliness.

Before the Internet made online flower delivery of popular phenomena, you had to depend on a branch of the local Florist Transworld Delivery service to deliver flowers. To send flowers after the date is not a very usual occurrence as flowers are usually given on the date itself. Well, that what makes giving flowers after a date more special. If you are hosting a party you can make your house sparkle with the beautiful arrangement of flowers, roses, crisp pine cones, candles decorative mosses and much more. When you browse through a website looking for just the right flower arrangement to send, go directly to the seasonal flowers. It's usually called, Spring Flowers, or Sale Flowers, or Best Sellers.

If you want to send flowers cheap, ordering them online is your best bet. Inexpensive flowers are available online for delivery because florists online are equipped to handle large numbers of orders. Actually driving to a florist, picking out what you want to send and then paying for it is a fairly simple process. One advantage to actually going to a florist is that you can have the florist help you choose something and you may even be able to see an example of whatever arrangement you choose to send.

But know its time to pack all your worries, as there are number of flower delivery stores, which provides you with selection for the best flowers and also led to deliver them at the door steps of your dear ones. You can get an idea of the flowers that your love likes, or if there are any allergies, by seeking the advice of family and friends. Continue to send flowers as the relationship develops. If you want to order flowers for someone across the stare or even on the other side of the country, you have more reasons to send flowers online.

For those who haven't sent flowers often, sending the right bouquet may seem intimidating at first. But, rest assured, you need not know a thing about flower arrangements or flower types to send something beautiful and appropriate.

Impeccable Online Flower Delivery Services in Bangalore

There are occasions like birthdays, holidays, anniversaries, funerals, graduations, weddings and private celebrations, when flowers are thought of indispensable to gift someone. Freshly cut or potted floristry is usually sent on these occasions. Making it easy for you to gift flowers to any boy in any corner in the Bangalore instantly, florists now offer online service. A1 Bangalore flower delivery has large variety of flowers to send flowers to Bangalore. With the availability of such florists, you will never miss an occasion of sending some beautiful flowers to someone special. No one can deny the fact that life in today's times is the easiest that human beings have ever had. Modern inventions and discoveries have indeed made life extremely easy. Cheap flower delivery can save you some money and make you a hero! 

If you browse around the internet or even call a few numbers in the phone book, you will find that you can get cheap flowers delivered anytime you would like. The bunch of flowers with its beautiful colors can brighten up the room and fill it with a refreshing and vibrant aura. The natural beauty of the flower gives us a different and uplifting mood throughout the day if we have and see one. Now it has become very easy to send flowers to Bangalore due to A1 Bangalore flowers. You need to make sure that you have done your homework, and that when you spend your money online, that you are spending it wisely. People like flowers because they are pretty, some say that they are a symbol of hope, others just like the way they look and the pleasant fragrance they give off. The colors and choice of flowers discretely told a woman that she was liked, loved or appreciated without the man speaking the words. Today, cut flowers, or live plants make a welcome gift for many different occasions. People will always need to beware of what they are ordering and make sure that they get the best flowers so that they actually come the next day after being picked, and aren't halfway through their life by the time that they ship. A1 Flower delivery Bangalore has become the first choice to send flowers to Bangalore.

If you choose to send flowers, you are telling someone that you really do care about them. It is true that fresh flowers can be delivered anywhere in the country anytime you choose. Due to the fact that you can only see the pictures of the bouquets that are available, you need to be confident that you pick the highest quality online flower delivery service. Mother's Day is another popular day to send flowers. Mothers and wives get flowers on this day to thank them for being good mothers. Many times the husbands will give flowers to their wives along with their mothers. You might think sending flowers is a better alternative, but you are concerned because you waited until the last minute. You are not sure if you can obtain same day delivery. You can find run-of-the-mill florists everywhere. There is always a difference between an outstanding and an average florist. There are many companies which offer same day delivery, if the orders are placed before the deadline and also offer replacement services. One lovely website, A1 Bangalore Flowers, has an abundance of information about this particular florist. The floral artists showcases his designs and the format is easy to use and navigate. 

No celebration in Bangalore is complete without flowers. People send flowers and gifts to their dear ones. Even if they can not make it to the jubilations, they send flowers through flower delivery Bangalore services. The moment the wedding day is fixed, preparation begin and it goes on till the last moment. Apart from other things, like the venue, the dresses, the menu, etc., one thing that no wedding can do without is - the floral arrangements. Even on occasions, which might be of considerable importance to them. It is for such busy bees that services like home delivery came into existence. It ensures that even if people can't attend any important function, they can at least send a gift to their near and dear ones.  Not only special occasion but an everyday occasion can be an event reckoned with flowers to highlight a sentiment with nature's colors. Even if you place an order today, they will offer you next day flower delivery. You can enjoy this type of service always unless there are any holidays in between. Talking about home delivery, one branch of home delivery that is gaining huge popularity with every passing day is flower delivery. The reason for this is not difficult to understand. Flowers after all are an object which can be gifted to anyone and on any occasion. A1 Bangalore flower delivery is very well known among the people of Bangalore for its quality service.

Flowers can be really expensive. Sending flowers should not break the bank. There are a lot of places to find flowers at a discounted rate that includes the delivery costs. If you like sending flowers then it is well worth a few minutes of your time to find the cheapest flower delivery in your area.

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